banner
Yuuna

Yuuna

HomeArchivesTagNFT

Theory of Attention and Cognition

#注意79
AI Translation
This post is translated from Chinese into English through AI.View Original
AI-generated summary
This text discusses different theories of attention and cognitive processes. The first theory is the Filter Theory, which suggests that the brain has limited capacity to process information and uses a filtering mechanism to allow only a portion of information to be processed while blocking out the rest. The Decay Theory states that non-attended or non-followed information is weakened in intensity but not completely lost. The Late Selection Theory proposes that all incoming information is fully analyzed before being filtered or decayed, and the selection of information occurs in the later stages of processing. The Multiple Stage Selection Theory suggests that attention can occur at different stages of processing, depending on the task requirements. The second part of the text discusses theories of attention allocation, including the Cognitive Resource Theory, which focuses on how attention coordinates different cognitive tasks, and the Dual Processing Theory, which distinguishes between automatic and controlled cognitive processing.

(1) Theory of Selective Attention

1. Filter Theory

(1) Proposed by: Broadbent.

(2) Theory viewpoint: The capacity of the nervous system to process information is limited. When information enters the nervous system, it must first pass through a filtering mechanism, which allows only a portion of the information to pass through for further processing, while the other information is blocked and disappears. The filter works in an all-or-nothing manner. This theory is also known as the "bottleneck theory" or "single-channel theory".

(3) Experimental source: This theory is based on the results of the dichotic listening experiment. In the experiment, two types of materials are presented simultaneously to the participant's ears, and the participant is asked to verbally follow the material heard in one ear (the attended ear), but the material presented to the other ear (the unattended ear) is checked. The results showed that the participant obtained very little information from the unattended ear. Broadbent proposed that the information entering the attended ear is accepted because of attention, while the information entering the unattended ear is not accepted because it is not attended to.

(4) Explanation of phenomenon: "Out of sight, out of mind."

2. Attenuation Theory

(1) Proposed by: Treisman.

(2) Theory viewpoint: When information passes through the filtering device, unattended or non-attended information is only weakened in intensity rather than completely disappearing. The activation threshold for different stimuli is different, and information that is important to individuals has a low activation threshold and is easily activated. For example, one's own name, alarm signals, etc.

(3) Experimental source: It was found in the dichotic listening experiment that information from the unattended ear was also processed.

(4) Explanation of phenomenon: Cocktail party effect.

3. Late Selection Theory

(1) Proposed by: Deutsch and Norman.

(2) Theory viewpoint: Before entering the filtering or attenuation device, all incoming information has already been fully analyzed and then enters the filtering or attenuation device, so the selection of information occurs in the later stage of processing. This theory is also known as the "elaboration theory," "response selection theory," or "memory selection theory".

(3) Explanation of phenomenon: Stroop effect.

4. Multiple Stage Selection Theory

(1) Proposed by: Johnston.

(2) Theory viewpoint: The process of attentional selection can occur at different stages of processing. The more processing stages before selection, the more cognitive processing resources are required. The stage at which selection occurs depends on the current task requirements.

Tip:
The biggest difference between the four theories lies in the different ways and stages of information selection and processing.

(2) Theory of Attention Allocation

1. Cognitive Resource Theory

(1) Proposed by: Kahneman.

(2) Theory viewpoint: The cognitive resource theory understands attention from the perspective of how different cognitive tasks or activities are coordinated. Different cognitive activities have different demands on attention.

① Attention is seen as a set of cognitive resources for categorizing and recognizing stimuli, and these resources are limited.

② The more complex the stimulus or task, the more resources it occupies. When cognitive resources are exhausted, new stimuli cannot be processed.

③ The input stimulus itself does not automatically occupy resources, but there is a mechanism in the cognitive system responsible for resource allocation, which can allocate cognitive resources to important stimuli.

④ The available cognitive resources are determined by the level of arousal.

2. Dual Processing Theory - Automatic Processing and Controlled Processing

(1) Proposed by: Shiffrin.

(2) Theory viewpoint:

① Human cognitive processing can be divided into automatic processing and controlled processing.

② Automatic processing is not limited by cognitive resources, does not require attention, and can be carried out automatically. Controlled processing, on the other hand, is limited by cognitive resources and requires attention to be involved. It can be continuously adjusted with changes in the environment.

③ Controlled processing may transform into automatic processing after extensive practice.

Loading...
Ownership of this post data is guaranteed by blockchain and smart contracts to the creator alone.