The test method is a method of measuring a certain psychological quality using a set of pre-standardized questions (scales).
1. Basic Requirements
(1) Reliability: The reliability of a test.
(2) Validity: The degree to which a test effectively measures the required psychological quality.
(3) Standardization: The process of compiling psychological scales and the testing process should be systematic and scientific, and the interpretation of the results should be rigorous, objective, and scientific.
2. Advantages
(1) Simple and labor-saving, easy to implement.
(2) Various types, flexible and convenient.
(3) The standardized tests used are rigorous and the results are reliable.
(4) The degree of quantification of the results obtained is high, and the result processing is very convenient.
(5) There is a norm for comparison, which is convenient for reference.
Zhao's mnemonic: Many bright standard modeling.
3. Disadvantages
(1) Inevitably influenced by experience and culture.
(2) Generally indirect measurement, inferring psychology through the measurement of behavior. If the selection of behavioral samples is not accurate, the results obtained are difficult to be accurate.
(3) High requirements for testers, requiring professional knowledge and proficient measurement skills.
(4) The measurement results only indicate the "results" and do not reflect the process.
Zhao's mnemonic: Inaccurate scriptures, inadequate testers.
The survey method is a method of asking respondents about a certain issue to freely express their attitudes or opinions.
Tip:
Difference between survey method and test method: They have different purposes. The test method uses pre-standardized scales to measure a certain psychological quality, while the survey method collects relevant current and historical data of the research object indirectly according to certain purposes and plans, in order to clarify the facts and discover problems through analysis, summarization, and other methods. The test method mainly describes, analyzes, and solves problems, while the survey method mainly discovers problems.
1. Classification
(1) Interview method.
(2) Questionnaire method.
(3) Investigation method.
(4) Evaluation method.
(5) Written material analysis method.
The interview method and the questionnaire method are more commonly used.
2. Advantages
(1) Not limited by time and space conditions, easy to apply.
(2) Wide range of coverage, quick data collection.
Zhao's mnemonic: Not limited by time and space, wide and fast.
3. Disadvantages
(1) Not rigorous enough.
(2) Cannot reveal causal relationships.
(3) Subjective influence of the respondents is significant.
(4) The reliability of the results depends on the cooperation of the respondents.
Zhao's mnemonic: Not rigorous, not causal, subjective reliance on cooperation.
The case study method is a method of in-depth and detailed observation and research on a particular individual in order to discover the causes and methods that affect certain behaviors and psychological phenomena.
For example, in clinical practice, studying aphasic patients.
1. Advantages
(1) When used in conjunction with other methods, it can collect more abundant personal information.
(2) It can explain in detail the reasons for the occurrence, development, and changes of certain psychological and behavioral phenomena of individuals, which is helpful for researchers or certain hypotheses.
2. Disadvantages
The number of research cases is small, and the results may only be applicable to individual cases. Therefore, when summarizing conclusions or generalizing results, a cautious attitude must be maintained.
Zhao's mnemonic: Rich and detailed, cautious generalization.
The correlation method is a research method that quantifies different psychological phenomena and seeks their correlation.
1. Advantages
(1) Correlation research can predict human psychological phenomena.
(2) Correlation research can be verified.
(3) Quantitative indicators are clear and directional.
(4) It can reflect the specific situation and degree of the relationship between variables.
(5) It is often used as the basis for other research methods in order to conduct further research.
Zhao's mnemonic: Prediction's specific quantity is the basis.
2. Disadvantages
Unable to determine causal relationships.